Upper extremity flexion synergy pattern12/15/2023 ![]() (2007), Miller and Dewald (2012), Miller et al. Variables ranging from surface EMG to single joint torque to whole arm kinematics have been studied within a variety of paradigms that elicit the synergies through SABD and SADD torque generation (including single- and/or multi-joint tasks and isometric and/or dynamic upper limb activation see, e.g., Dewald et al. The extension synergy is described as shoulder adduction (SADD) coupled with elbow extension, pronation, and variable postures at the hand, possibly including wrist extension and finger flexion ( Twitchell, 1951 Brunnstrom, 1970 Radomski and Latham, 2008).Įxperimental work quantifying these synergy patterns has been extensive. Clinical observations describe the flexion synergy as shoulder abduction (SABD) coupled with elbow flexion, supination, and wrist and finger flexion. Movement of the upper limb is constrained to two stereotypical multi-joint movement patterns, the flexion and extension synergies, that simultaneously couple activation of shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger muscles. Individuals with chronic hemiparetic motor impairment following stroke, particularly those who are moderately-to-severely impaired, have a limited ability to selectively and independently control proximal and distal upper limb joints for purposeful activity ( Beer et al., 2004 Sukal et al., 2007 Miller and Dewald, 2012 Lan et al., 2017a McPherson et al., 2018a McPherson et al., 2018c).
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